Nephrology

Nephrology is the subspecialty of internal medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. It also encompasses the management of systemic conditions that affect the kidneys, such as diabetes and hypertension, as well as electrolyte and acid-base disorders.

Nephrologists manage both acute and chronic kidney conditions and often work closely with dialysis units and transplant teams.

Scope of Nephrology

Common Conditions Managed

Chronic kidney disease (CKD stages 1–5)

End-stage kidney disease (ESKD)

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy

Glomerulonephritis

Electrolyte imbalances (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4)

Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

Renal anemia and bone disease

Kidney transplant follow-up